逆时偏移在声反射成像测井中的应用方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

李雨生  李宁  武宏亮  王克文  冯周  刘鹏 《地球物理学报》2020,63(4):1705-1714

声反射成像测井中常用的基于射线理论的Kirchhoff积分偏移算法和基于单程波理论的F-K偏移算法均可实现井旁缝洞反射体的快速偏移成像,但其仅适用于地层垂向变化较弱的速度场和高陡角裂缝的偏移成像,无法实现低角度反射体的准确偏移归位,产生偏移假象误导测井解释.逆时偏移基于全波动方程,可适应强垂向变化速度场,实现近似水平反射体的偏移成像.本文详细分析了将逆时偏移应用于声反射成像测井时存在的数据准备、时间采样间隔匹配和成像条件改进等若干问题,通过设置多组理论模型来说明算法对井旁不同反射体的识别能力.模拟资料和实际资料处理结果证实,较F-K偏移算法,逆时偏移算法成像精度更高、收敛性更好,可有效实现近似水平构造偏移归位.改进的归一化互相关成像条件可解决深部地层的远井壁成像衰减问题,降低测井解释的多解性.逆时偏移将成为声反射成像测井高精度偏移技术的发展方向.  相似文献   

Water transport and tracer mixing in volcanic ash soils at a tropical hillslope: A wet layered sloping sponge     

Giovanny M. Mosquera  Patricio Crespo  Lutz Breuer  Jan Feyen  David Windhorst 《水文研究》2020,34(9):2032-2047

Andosol soils formed in volcanic ash provide key hydrological services in montane environments. To unravel the subsurface water transport and tracer mixing in these soils we conducted a detailed characterization of soil properties and analyzed a 3-year data set of sub-hourly hydrometric and weekly stable isotope data collected at three locations along a steep hillslope. A weakly developed (52–61 cm depth), highly organic andic (Ah) horizon overlaying a mineral (C) horizon was identified, both showing relatively similar properties and subsurface flow dynamics along the hillslope. Soil moisture observations in the Ah horizon showed a fast responding (few hours) “rooted” layer to a depth of 15 cm, overlying a “perched” layer that remained near saturated year-round. The formation of the latter results from the high organic matter (33–42%) and clay (29–31%) content of the Ah horizon and an abrupt hydraulic conductivity reduction in this layer with respect to the rooted layer above. Isotopic signatures revealed that water resides within this soil horizon for short periods, both at the rooted (2 weeks) and perched (4 weeks) layer. A fast soil moisture reaction during rainfall events was also observed in the C horizon, with response times similar to those in the rooted layer. These results indicate that despite the perched layer, which helps sustain the water storage of the soil, a fast vertical mobilization of water through the entire soil profile occurs during rainfall events. The latter being the result of the fast transmissivity of hydraulic potentials through the porous matrix of the Andosols, as evidenced by the exponential shape of the water retention curves of the subsequent horizons. These findings demonstrate that the hydrological behavior of volcanic ash soils resembles that of a “layered sponge,” in which vertical flow paths dominate.  相似文献   

Quick Phase Identification for Dense Seismic Array with Aid from Long Term Phase Records of Co-located Sparse Permanent Stations     

CHEN Yini  LI Jun  WANG Zhenjie  ZHAO Mengqi  YU Tiehong  LI Danning  YU Junyi  WANG Weitao 《中国地震研究》2020,34(3):328-342

The phase identification and travel time picking are critical for seismic tomography, yet it will be challenging when the numbers of stations and earthquakes are huge. We here present a method to quickly obtain P and S travel times of pre-determined earthquakes from mobile dense array with the aid from long term phase records from co-located permanent stations. The records for 1 768 M ≥ 2.0 events from 2011 to 2013 recorded by 350 ChinArray stations deployed in Yunnan Province are processed with an improved AR-AIC method utilizing cumulative envelope and rectilinearity. The reference arrivals are predicted based on phase records from 88 permanent stations with similar spatial coverage, which are further refined with AR-AIC. Totally, 718 573 P picks and 512 035 S picks are obtained from mobile stations, which are 28 and 22 times of those from permanent stations, respectively. By comparing the automatic picks with manual picks from 88 permanent stations, for M ≥ 3.0 events, 81.5% of the P-pick errors are smaller than 0.5 second and 70.5% of S-pick errors are smaller than 1 second. For events with a lower magnitude, 76.5% P-pick errors fall into 0.5 second and 69.5% S-pick errors are smaller than 1 second. Moreover, the Pn and Sn phases are easily discriminated from directly P/S, indicating the necessity of combining traditional auto picking and integrating machine learning method.  相似文献   

2013年南斯科舍海岭M_W7.8地震的多点震源机制反演          下载免费PDF全文

张喆  许力生 《地球物理学报》2020,63(8):2978-2998

2013年11月17日，在南极南奥克尼群岛北、南极板块与斯科舍板块之间发生了一次M_W7.8级地震（2013年南斯科舍海岭M_W7.8地震），我们利用全球分布的长周期和宽频带地震记录反演确定了这次地震随时间和空间变化的震源机制，验证了提出的一种多点震源机制反演的新方法.首先利用长周期记录的W震相反演了这次地震的矩心矩张量解并利用体波提取了视震源时间函数，同时利用台阵反投影技术从宽频带记录中获得了这次地震的高频源的时空分布，然后基于矩心矩张量解、视震源时间函数以及高频源的时空分布，实现了采用新方法对2013年南斯科舍海岭M_W7.8地震的多点震源机制反演.矩心矩张量解表明，地震矩心在44.50°W/60.18°S，矩心深度19 km，半持续时间49 s，释放标量地震矩4.71×10²⁰ N·m，发震断层走向104°，倾角54°，滑动角8°.视震源时间函数清楚地揭示了地震矩随时间变化的方位依赖性，总体上可以将时间过程分为前60 s和后50 s两个阶段，但前60 s可细分为两次子事件.根据台阵反投影结果，这次地震为沿海沟从西到东的单侧破裂，破裂长度达311 km，可以分为5次子事件，能量释放的峰值点依次为13 s、30 s、51 s、64 s和84 s，平均破裂速度分别为0.6 km·s^-1、2.6 km·s^-1、2.3 km·s^-1、2.8 km·s^-1和3 km·s^-1.多点震源机制反演显示，5次子事件的矩震级分别为M_W7.57，M_W7.48，M_W6.80，M_W7.53和M_W7.08，半持续时间依次为21 s，17 s，6 s，16 s和8 s，走向分别为95°，105°，81°，98°和98°，倾角依次为57°，49°，86°，46°和64°，滑动角-9°，1°，-17°，13°和-4°.这些在震源机制、能量释放以及持续时间方面的变化都是当地构造和应力环境复杂性的反映.  相似文献   

Application of a cascading filter implemented using morphological filtering and time–frequency peak filtering for seismic signal enhancement     

Yanping Liu  Zhengguo Yan 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(6):1727-1741

Inspired by the idea of the iterative time–frequency peak filtering, which applies time–frequency peak filtering several times to improve the ability of random noise reduction, this article proposes a new cascading filter implemented using mathematic morphological filtering and the time–frequency peak filtering, which we call here morphological time–frequency peak filtering for convenience. This new method will be used mainly for seismic signal enhancement and random noise reduction in which the advantages of the morphological algorithm in processing nonlinear signals and the time–frequency peak filtering in processing nonstationary signals are utilized. Structurally, the scheme of the proposed method adopts mathematic morphological operation to first preprocess the signal and then applies the time–frequency peak filtering method to ultimately extract the valid signal. Through experiments on synthetic seismic signals and field seismic data, this paper demonstrates that the morphological time–frequency peak filtering method is superior to the time–frequency peak filtering method and its iterative form in terms of valid signal enhancement and random noise reduction.  相似文献   

Application of open tools and datasets to probabilistic modeling of road traffic disruptions due to earthquake damage     

Catarina Costa  Rui Figueiredo  Vitor Silva  Paolo Bazzurro 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(12):1236-1255

The disruption of a transportation network can have a high social and economic impact on the welfare of a society, as it can significantly affect the daily routines of a community. Although many studies have focused on the estimation of physical risk in the components that compose these networks, only a limited number have analyzed their interconnections and impact in the traffic flow. The present study analyzes how earthquake damage can disrupt the road network in an urban environment, and how this will influence the ability of the population to travel. Traffic due to daily commutes is modeled for different layouts of the network, corresponding to possible disruptions caused by earthquake damage. The duration and length of each trip were calculated both for the undamaged network conditions and for the disrupted network. The increase in the median duration and length of each trip allows estimating the economic loss for each event due to drivers' delay. By combining the probability of a specific road being blocked with its number of users, the average number of affected vehicles was estimated, and the most critical segments identified. The methodology was applied to a case study concerning the road network of the area around the Italian city of Messina in Sicily. The results were calculated for both a repetition of the well-known historical event of 1908 and a set of simulated earthquakes consistent with the national probabilistic seismic hazard model of Italy.  相似文献   

Using visibility analysis to improve point density and processing time of SfM-MVS techniques for 3D reconstruction of landforms     

Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez  Trent Biggs  Napoleon Gudino-Elizondo  Paz Errea  Esteban Alonso-González  Estela Nadal Romero  José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(11):2524-2539

Image network geometry, including the number and orientation of images, impacts the error, coverage, and processing time of 3D terrain mapping performed using structure-from-motion and multiview-stereo (SfM-MVS). Few studies have quantified trade-offs in error and processing time or ways to optimize image acquisition in diverse topographic conditions. Here, we determine suitable camera locations for image acquisition by minimizing the occlusion produced by topography. Viewshed analysis is used to select the suitable images, which requires a preliminary digital elevation model (DEM), potential camera locations, and sensor parameters. One aerial and two ground-based image collections were used to analyse differences between SfM-MVS models produced using: (1) all available images (ALL); (2) images selected using conventional methods (CON); and (3) images selected using the viewshed analysis (VIEW). The resulting models were compared with benchmark point clouds acquired by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and TLS-derived DEMs. The VIEW datasets produced denser point clouds (28–32% more points) and DEMs with up to 66% reduction in error compared with CON datasets due to reduction of gaps in the DEM. VIEW datasets reduced processing time by 37–76% compared with ALL, with no reduction in coverage or increase in error. DEMs produced with ALL and VIEW datasets had similar slope and roughness, while slight differences that may be locally important were observed for the CON dataset. The new method helps optimize SfM-MVS image collection strategies that significantly reduce the number of images required with minimal loss in coverage or accuracy over complex surfaces. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

考虑地形起伏和障碍体破裂的汶川地震强地面运动数值模拟   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

赵由佳  张国宏  单新建  尹昊  屈春燕 《地球物理学报》2018,61(5):1853-1862

2008年5月12日四川汶川地区发生M_W7.9地震，震中位置103.4°E，31.06°N.这次地震造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域建筑物的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡，且因为高山等地形复杂区域抢险救灾的艰巨性，为及时救援造成很大干扰.为更好理解地形因素对于强地面数值模拟结果的影响，建立了包含地形起伏影响及去除地形影响的两类模型.同时，依据震源破裂过程运动学反演结果，建立了包含障碍体破裂过程的震源滑动模型，实现断层分段、空间倾角以及滑移角的动态设定.基于动力学的地震动模拟方法，通过对地震波传播过程的数值计算和后处理分析，模拟由地震激发的区域强地面运动过程.结果显示：（1）强震动台站的断层距对地形效应具有放大或抑制作用，距离断层破裂带越近，地形效应越明显，反之，距离越远，则地形效应越微弱；（2）因为地形高差与障碍体的影响，地震造成的峰值可能出现在震中区域之外；（3）考虑地形影响模型的地表峰值速度（PGV）区域位于汶川与北川附近；而未考虑地形影响模型的PGV区域位于灌县—江油断层的后半段，处清平、安县附近；对汶川地震近实时强地面运动波场的模拟、峰值图谱的圈定及未来大地震强地面运动特征的预测都有重要指示意义.  相似文献   

使用宽频带地震记录研究2017年6月24日茂县新磨滑坡的动力学过程   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

黄兴辉  李正媛  余丹  许强  苏金蓉 《地球物理学报》2018,61(10):4055-4062

北京时间2017年6月24日5时39分左右，四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村发生大型岩质滑坡.体积约4.3×10⁶ m³的巨型岩体从山顶脱落，顺坡滑行约2.6 km后破碎沉积；碎屑物掩埋了整个新磨村，造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.本文使用来自滑坡周围的10个地震台站的宽频带观测资料的长周期信号反演了这次滑坡的受力时间函数；同时使用逐步细化的格点搜索方法得到了滑坡的位置，与其真实位置一致；根据反演的受力时间函数计算了滑坡过程中滑体的运动学参数，得到的滑体运动轨迹与实际路径吻合.综合分析地震信号、受力时间函数和运动学参数表明，本次滑坡主运动的持续时间约为79 s；脱落岩体在5∶38∶50.2启动后持续加速，在5∶39∶37.2达到速度峰值，约为52.1 m·s^-1；这段时间内岩体没有明显的破碎；之后，岩体开始铲刮并裹挟古滑坡造成的碎屑沉积物，自身也开始破碎解体，总体开始减速运动，直到5∶40∶9.2主运动停止；此后，小规模的碎屑散落又持续了约10 s的时间.  相似文献   

基于概率积分法的采动坡体稳定性预测与分析          下载免费PDF全文

王猛  孙丽丽  薄怀志 《山东国土资源》2018,34(12)

地下采煤会引起地表沉降、变形,甚至引发山体、河堤滑坡等地质灾害。采动坡体的稳定性研究一直是采矿工程中实际关心的问题。该文首先介绍分析了概率积分法移动变形稳态、动态预测模型以及基于极限平衡理论的单滑面采动坡体稳定性预测模型,提出了使用概率积分法结合Knothe时间函数对采动坡体稳定性进行预测分析的方法,并使用C#及XML Schema语言编制了相关的计算程序。最后,结合一个工程实例对采动坡体稳定性和动态变化过程进行了预测与分析,通过实测数据验证了提出方法的可行性,得出了采动引起的坡体下沉是影响坡体稳定性的主要因素,并提出了在坡体拉伸阶段进行注浆加固的方法。  相似文献